Code-check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to Russian standards

Bolts

Bolts are checked according to SP 16, Cl. 14.2. The tensile and shear force in each bolt is determined by finite element analysis. Prying forces are determined by finite element analysis and taken into account. Each shear plane is checked individually. Ply in bearing is checked against the sum of shear forces at nearby planes.

Bolt in shear

A bolt subject to a design shear force is designed according to Cl. 14.2.9 and shall satisfy:

$$N_s \le N_{bs} = R_{bs} A_b \gamma_b \gamma_c$$

where:

• N_s – shear force in one plane of a bolt
• N_bs – bolt shear resistance
• R_bs – design shear strength of a bolt – SP 16, Table 5
• A_b – bolt gross section area
• γ_b – service factor of bolt joint – SP 16, Table 41 – γ_b = 1.0 for single bolting and multibolting with accuracy class A, γ_b = 0.9 for multibolting and accuracy class B and high strength bolts (R_bun ≥ 800 MPa)
• γ_c – service factor – SP 16, Table 1, editable in Code setup

Each shear plane is checked individually.

Bolt in tension

A bolt subject to design tension force is designed according to SP 16, Cl. 14.2.9 and shall satisfy:

$$N_t ≤ N_{bt} = R_{bt} A_{bn} \gamma_c$$

where:

• N_t – tensile force in a bolt
• N_bt – bolt tensile resistance
• R_bt – design tensile strength – SP 16, Table 5
• A_bn – net cross-sectional area of a bolt
• γ_c – service factor – SP 16, Table 1, editable in Code setup

Bolt subject to combined shear and tension

A bolt loaded in shear and tensile forces at the same time is designed according to SP 16, Cl. 14.2.13 and shall satisfy:

$$\sqrt{\left ( \frac{N_t}{N_{bt}} \right ) ^2 + \left ( \frac{N_s}{N_{bs}} \right ) ^2} \le 1.0$$

where:

• N_t – tensile force in a bolt
• N_bt – bolt tensile resistance
• N_s – shear force in one plane of a bolt
• N_bs – bolt shear resistance

Bolts in bearing

A plate subject to a bearing force due to a bolt in shear is designed according to SP 16, Cl. 14.2.9 and shall satisfy:

$$N_s ≤ N_{bp} = R_{bp} d_b t \gamma_b \gamma_c$$

where:

• N_s – shear force in a bolt acting on a ply
• N_bp – bearing resistance of a ply
• R_bp – bearing design strength; R_bp = 1.6 · R_u for accuracy class A and R_bp = 1.35 · R_u for accuracy class B – SP 16, Table 5
• R_un – ultimate strength of the connected element
• d_b – bolt diameter
• t – thickness of the plate
• γ_b – service factor of bolt joint – SP 16, Table 41
• γ_c – service factor – SP 16, Table 1, editable in Code setup

Each plate is checked individually and the worst case is shown. SP 16 does not show the service factor of bolted connection, γ_b for cases outside detailing limits. Therefore, the bearing check is not performed for such cases.

Friction-type connections

For friction-type connections, the slip is required to be limited and checked according to SP 16, Cl. 14.3. These bolts should be also checked as bearing type for ultimate limit state after slip occurs. A bolt subjected to shear force shall satisfy:

$$N_s \le N_{bf} = Q_{bh} \gamma_b \gamma_c$$

where:

• N_s – shear force acting on one preloaded bolt and one friction plane
• N_bf – shear slip resistance of one preloaded bolt and one friction plane
• Q_bh = R_bh A_bn μ / γ_h – design slip resistance of one preloaded bolt and one friction plane
• R_bh = 0.7 · R_bun – design preload in the preloaded bolt – SP 16, Cl. 6.7
• R_bun – ultimate tensile resistance of the bolt
• A_bn – tensile stress area
• μ – frictional coefficient for preloaded bolts – SP 16, Table 42, editable in Code setup
• γ_h – coefficient in case of bolt tightening – SP 16, Table 42

  • Regular holes: static loading, Δ ≤ 4 mm; dynamic loading, Δ ≤ 1 mm:

    • γ_h = 1.12 for μ ≥ 0.42
    • γ_h = 1.17 for 0.35 ≤ μ < 0.42
    • γ_h = 1.30 for μ < 0.35
  • Oversized holes: static loading, Δ > 4 mm; dynamic loading, Δ > 1 mm:

    • γ_h = 1.70 for μ < 0.35
    • γ_h = 1.35 for μ ≥ 0.35
• Δ – difference between diameters of bolt hole and of bolt
• γ_b – friction joint service factor – SP 16, Cl. 14.3.4
• γ_c – service factor – SP 16, Table 1, editable in Code setup

Static or dynamic loading can be set in Code setup.

Number of effective interfaces, κ, is always equal to 1, because each interface is checked separately.

According to SP 16, Cl. 14.3.6, for bolts in friction-type connections loaded by combined shear and tension, friction joint service factor, γ_b, is multiplied by:

$$\gamma_b = \gamma_b \cdot \left ( 1 - \frac{N_t}{P_b} \right )$$

where:

• N_t – tensile force in a bolt
• P_b = R_bh A_bn – preload in a bolt
• R_bh = 0.7 · R_bun – design preload in the preloaded bolt – SP 16, Cl. 6.7
• A_bn – tensile stress area

Friction-type connections should be also checked for ultimate limit state. The bolt type should be changed to bearing – tension/shear interaction, the loads increased appropriately and the joint should be checked again.